基础与临床研究 >文章正文
基础与临床研究 >文章正文
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Detection of anesthesia levels of unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex 米卫东 张宏 MI Wei dong,ZHANG Hong. Department of A nesthesiology,Chinese PLA General Hospital,Beijing 100853 Abstract Objective:To compare propofol requirements and the changes of the EEG parameters:bispect ralindex (BIS),spect ral edge frequency (SEE) and median frequency (MF)when unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex were produced by propofol alone or propofol plus fentanyl. Methods:Forty-four patients scheduled for elect ivesurgical procedures were allocated into 2 groups(group P and group PF). Fentanyl2um/kg in group PF (n=22) o r no rmal saline in group P (n= 22)was administered intravenously. Five m in later,all patients w ere induced w ithpropofol at a constant rate infusion 30 mg-1 kg-1 h-1using a syringe pump. Immediately following infusion of pro pofolconsciousness and eyelash reflex were assessed once per 30s. EEG parameters,propofol dose sand taken t ime w ere recorded at endpoints of unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex. |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Results:Propofol plus fentanyl 2ug/kg,p roduced unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex with shorter time and less dose sand higher BIS values compared with those in group P. SEF and MF failed to show differences between two group s at each endpoint. Among all recorded parameters,only BIS in group P show ed a significant difference between unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex,which was lower at the latter endpoint (P<0.01). Conclusion:Fentanyl effectively enhances effect of unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex produced by propofol;with fentanyl,propofol produces unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex at higher BIS level compared with propofol alone;Unconsciousness and loss of eyelash reflex occur at the sim ilar anesthet ic levels with propofo l?fentanyl,but using propofo l alone,abolition of eyelash reflex requires a slightly deeper anesthet iclevel indicated by lower BIS values than abolition of response to verbal commands,suggesting that loss response to verbal commands and loss of eyelash reflex do no t always rep resent the same anesthetic level. Key words:Fentanyl Propofol Bispect ralindex 异丙酚与芬太尼在诱导意识消失时的相互作用,有一些矛盾结果[1,2]。临床研究中,睫毛反射有时与语言命令反应同被作为意识存在与否的指征[3]。本研究应用脑电双频指数(BIS)和其他参数作为指标,观察病人对语言命令失去反应(意识消失)与睫毛反射消失所需麻醉水平,并探讨异丙酚与芬太尼在此过程的相互作用。 资料与方法 选ASA(Ⅰ~Ⅱ)级病人44例,年龄(20~55)岁,拟在全身麻醉下行择期手术,有精神、神经疾患史或服用相应药物的病人及严重嗜酒、嗜烟病人予以除外。将病人随机分为P组和PF组,每组22例,试验采用双盲法。 病人入室后,连接各项监测仪,包括心电图、脉搏氧饱和度等。BIS、95%边界频率(SEF)和中位频率(MF)等脑电参数,用美国A-1050型微机化双频道EEG监测仪(A spect Medical System,N at ick,MA,USA)测定。四枚单次使用银-氯化银电极分别贴于标准脑电检测电极区的A t1、A t2、Fpz和Fp 2区位,其中,A t1和A t2作为测量电极,Fpz为参考电极,Fp 2处为零位电极,各电极的电阻保证在2000 ohm s以下。 病人未用术前药,静脉穿刺及各种监测仪连接完毕后,病人静卧10分。测定血压、心率及各脑电参数,作为基础值。为保证脑电参数的准确性,记录基础值时要求病人闭眼、不能移动或说话。然后静注0.005%芬太尼0.04ml/kg(PF组,n=22)或等容积生理盐水(P组,n=22)5分后应用输液泵,以30mg kg-1 h-1的速率推注异丙酚,自开始静注异丙酚起,每30秒观察1次病人意识及睫毛反射情况,以病人对语言命令失去反应为意识消失时点。意识和睫毛反射消失后,静注维库溴铵,行气管插管。记录意识消失和睫毛反射消失时间,同时记录各脑电参数值及异丙酚用量。 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 所有结果以平均值±标准差(x±s)表示,组内两时点间各指标的比较选用成对比较t检验,组间比较为团体t检验,P<0.05为有统计学意义。 结 果 PF组有2例病人因试验操作原因而被排除在外。2组病人一般情况及各脑电参数基础值见表1,组间比较未见统计学差异。达意识和睫毛反射消失两时点的时间、异丙酚用量及各脑电参数值见表2。 一、脑电参数变化:单用异丙酚时,意识和睫毛反射消失时的BIS、SEF和MF等脑电参数与各自的基础值比较均显著降低(P<0.01)。两时点间比较,睫毛反射消失时的BIS值明显低于意识消失时的数值(P<0.01)。辅用芬太尼时,两时点的各脑电参数中,仅有BIS值与基础值比较显著降低(P<0.01)。意识和睫毛反射消失时的BIS值均高于P组(P<0.05),SEF和MF值组间无显著差异。与P组不同的是,PF组两时点的BIS值未见明显不同(P>0.05)。 二、时间及异丙酚用量:PF组病人意识消失和睫毛反射消失时间较P组短(P<0.05),异丙酚用量较P组少(P<0.01)。但同组内两时点所需时间和异丙酚用量均未见统计学差异。 讨 论 本试验结果显示,麻醉诱导期,芬太尼2ug/kg可明显减少致意识消失所需异丙酚用量,提示芬太尼可增强异丙酚对意识的抑制作用,而且两者复合应用,使意识在较高的BIS值即可消失。麻醉诱导时,芬太尼等强效镇痛药常作为辅助用药,与异丙酚等麻醉药复合应用。有研究显示,芬太尼对异丙酚的意识抑制作用并无明显影响[1]。但另有研究证实芬太尼可增强异丙酚的意识抑制作用,当血浆芬太尼浓度达3ng/ml时,可使异丙酚致意识消失剂量减少40%[2]。本研究结果支持后者的结论。本试验中,单用异丙酚致意识消失时BIS值平均是65.8,辅用芬太尼2ug/kg,则可使意识消失时的BIS值平均升为74.7。临床上非心脏手术麻醉中所用芬太尼的剂量对意识及脑电波型影响极小[4]。芬太尼增强异丙酚意识消失作用可能是其阻断外周冲动向中枢传导所致。这样,它在促进异丙酚致意识消失作用的同时,并未使皮质脑电活动达到相同程度的抑制,表现在较高水平的BIS值时即达到意识消失的中枢抑制程度。 本研究还发现,根据BIS的抑制程度判断,单用异丙酚行麻醉诱导时,睫毛反射消失时的麻醉深度,要深于意识消失时的水平。辅以芬太尼后,睫毛反射消失时的BIS值较单用异丙酚时上升,与意识消失时的BIS数值无差异。临床工作和研究中,睫毛反射的消失有时也被用做意识消失的指征[3,5]。在一些研究中,它的确与语言命令反应消失相近,反映相同的麻醉水平[6,7]。但在另外一些文献中,两者却被显示代表不同的深度,反映在对麻醉药剂量或浓度要求上的不同[8,9]。本试验显示,语言命令反应的消失与睫毛反射的消失是否代表相同的中枢抑制水平,与所用药物组合相关。在某些药物组合,如本试验中的异丙酚复合芬太尼时,两者的确代表相同的中枢抑制水平,表现在两时点的需用药量和反映中枢抑制水平的各脑电参数间并无差异;而在另一些诱导方法中,如本研究中单用异丙酚时,两者却不在相同的麻醉水平。另外,监测指征的敏感性,也使这一判断产生变化。本试验中单用异丙酚诱导的病人,仅BIS显示两者在不同的水平,而从用药剂量、SEF和MF几项指标判断,意识消失与睫毛反射消失间并无差异。这也从另一角度说明,BIS作为中枢抑制水平的监测手段,优于SEF、MF等脑电参数,能够较敏感地反映其变化。 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> BIS是新近用于临床麻醉的一项监测手段,已有许多文献将其与其他脑电参数、如SEF、MF等比较,发现它在监测镇静水平和麻醉恢复期的意识变化方面,优于其他的脑电参数[10,11]。本试验也发现,单用异丙酚作为诱导用药。BIS、SEF和MF等各项脑电参数均可反映病人自清醒向意识消失和睫毛反射消失的变化,尽管SEF MF变化的幅度较小,个体差异较大。加用芬太尼后,BIS仍可很好地显示这些改变,而SEF和MF却已不能明确地显示。这些结果和前述文献报道均提示,BIS与另两项脑电参数比较,在反映中枢抑制程度变化方面,更为敏感、准确。 参考文献 1. Moffat AC,M urray AW,FitchW. Opioid supp lementation during propofo lanaesthesia. A naesthesia,1998,44:644-647. 2. Smith C,McEwan A I,Jhareri R,et al. The interaction of fentanylon the Cp50 of propofol for loss of consciousness and skin incision. A nesthesio logy,1994,81:820-828. 3. Flaishon R,Sebel PS,Sigl J. Bispectral analysis of the EEG for monito ring the hypno tic effect of propofol and p ropofol/alfentanil. A nesthesio logy,1995,83(3A) A 514-515. 4. Bailey PL,Stanley TH. Intravenous op io id anesthetics. In:M iller RD,ed. A nesthesia. 4th edn. N ew Yo rk:Church ill L ivingstone,1994.291-387. 5. L eslie K,Sessler D I,Sm ith WD,et al. P rediction of movement during p ropofo l?n itrous oxide anesthesia. A nesthesio logy,1996,84:52-63. 6. Dunnet JM,P rys2Roberts C,Ho lland DE,et al. P ropofo l infusion and the supp ression of consciousness:do se requirement to induce lo ss of consciousness and to supp ress response to noxious and non2noxious stimuli. Br J A naesth,1994,72:29-341 7. Dunnet JM,P rys-Roberts C,Davy SH. The effects of age on p ropofo l do se response curves fo r consciousness? unconsciousness. In:P rys2Roberts C,ed. Focus on infusion- intravenous anaesthesia. London:CurrentM edical L iterature L td,1991. 93-95. 8. V uyk J,Engbers FHM,L emmens HJM,et al. Pharmacodynam ics of p ropofo l in female patients. A nesthesio logy,1992,77:3-9. 9. N aguibM,Sari2Kouzel A,SeralM,et al. Induction do se2response studies w ith p ropofo l and th iopentone. Br J A naesth,1992,68:308-310. 10. L iu J,Singh H,W h ite PF. Electroencephalogram bispectral analysis p redicts the dep th of m idazo lam2induced sedation. A nesthesio logy,1996,84:64-69. 11. Do i M,Cajraj RJ,M antzaridis H,et al. Relationsh ip between calculated blood concentration of p ropofo l and electrophysio logical variables during emergence from anaesthesia:comparison of bispectral index,spectral edge frequency,median frequency and audito ry evoked po tential index,Br J A naesth,1997,78:180-184. |