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<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 方 才 Evaluating and preparing of the patients with abnormal coagulation before operation. Anesthesia Department of <?xml:namespace prefix = ns0 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /> Fang Cai, Chen Kun-zhou Abstract: It is necessary that the functions of coagulation are evaluated correctly for those patients with abnormal bleeding before operation to ensure a safe anesthesia and surgical operation.A new model of coagulation mechanism had be introduced and real clinical meaning of platelet, prothrombin time, bleeding time, clotting time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and fibrinogen had be assessed in this paper. Depending on above, the identifications of diseases related to abnormal coagulation and the evaluations of bleeding functions have be submitted, by which correct preparing and treatment could be done preoperatively. <?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" /> 出凝血异常是麻醉与手术常遇到的血液学问题。异常出血普通外科手术期间的发生率为0.05%~4.0%,心血管手术期间可高达12%。正常的出凝血功能主要与三种因素有关:血管壁、血小板和各种凝血因子,其中任何一种因素异常都可导致手术病人出凝血功能异常,并由此引发围麻醉、手术期异常出血,影响麻醉、手术的进行和预后。因此,术前必须认真查找病人出凝血异常的原因,对其临床意义进行评估,并积极纠正凝血功能,为手术、麻醉创造有利条件。本章将对近期有关手术病人术前出凝血异常的评估和准备等新观念予以讨论。 |
1 凝血机制新模式[1~2] 1.1 凝血模式(学说)的修订 早在30 年前人们就已证实正常的凝血过程是多种凝血因子相继激活,通过形成一种瀑布式激活模式(瀑布学说)完成。传统的瀑布式凝血过程分为内源和外源两种途径,最终形成凝血酶,催化纤维蛋白原转变成纤维蛋白单体和聚合体。现在看来。这种模式并不能真实地反映体内止血过程,因为过去的内源凝血实验只是在体外(试管内)进行的,有些临床情况难以解释,如凝血因子Ⅻ(FⅫ)缺乏的病人无出血表现,但活化部分凝血酶原时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)延长,而凝血因子Ⅶ(FⅦ)和凝血因子Ⅴ(FⅤ)皆为促进血液凝固的加速因子,并不起酶的作用。新近观点认为,内源性凝血不是体内凝血的有意义的过程,而外在凝血是体内凝血过程的重要途径,凝血的瀑布学说(图1)应修改为凝血-抗凝-纤溶网络学说(图2)。 内源性途径 外源性途径 负电荷表面 <?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" />
图1 传统凝血模式(瀑布学说)
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内在途径 外在途径 血管损伤 <?xml:namespace prefix = v ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" />
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1.2 主要凝血因子血浆浓度、半衰期和功能
表1 凝血因子主要特征和在凝血过程中的功能
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