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综述与讲座 >文章正文
Prediction of Difficult Intubation<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 汤文喜 王世端 青岛大学医学院附属医院麻醉科,青岛 266003 Wen-xi Tang, Shi-duan Wang Department of Anesthesiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao 266003, China ABSTRACT Prediction of difficult intubation is one of the most important work on physical examination before general anesthesia. The research on it is few in our country. Methods about prediction of difficult intubation internal and overseas will be reviewed in this article. Key words:Endotracheal intubation; Prediction Corresponding author:Shi-duan Wang; E-mail: Wangsd1958@163.com 气管插管是维持气道通畅的重要手段。麻醉诱导期间气管插管困难或失败,若缺乏必要准备可引起灾难性后果。若术前对气管插管困难者准确预测,就可采取适当措施减少气道意外的发生。精确预测、降低误诊率则可减少因不必要的准备造成的人力、物力的浪费。 术前对插管困难做出精确无误的判断一直是麻醉学家们追求的目标。本文将就近年来气管插管困难的预测方法做一综述。 |
一、喉镜显露分级<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 喉镜显露困难(Difficult Larygoscopy、DL)是气管插管困难(Difficult Intubition、DI)的最直接原因,前者比后者更易形成统一的标准。所以很多文献将喉镜显露的某一分级作为插管困难来研究。有少数文献对DI有自己的定义,届时将做具体描述。 1. Cormack-Lehane分级(C-L分级) 1984年Cormack提出将直接喉镜下喉显露的情况分为四级[1]: 1级: 可窥见声门大部; 2级: 仅能窥见声门后联合,若不能窥见声门,至少经轻压喉头能显露勺状软骨;3级: 不能窥见声门的任何部分,但能窥见会厌; 4级: 不能窥见喉的任何部分。 2. Wilson分级(W-C-L分级) 1988年Wilson在其研究中对C-L分级进行了修正。W-C-L1级: 能窥见声门全部。W-C-L2级: 能窥见声带的一半。W-C-L3级: 仅能窥见勺状软骨。W-C-L4级同C-L3级。W-C-L5级同C-L4级[2]。 二、DI的单变量预测 即采用一种指标作为DI的预测方法。 1. Mallampati气道分级(MP分级) 1985年由加拿大学者Mallampati.S.R创造。具体做法是: Bilgin等对500例土耳其患者进行了前瞻性研究,以“(1) |
Ezri等于1998年提出了零级气道的概念并建议加入MP分级,使MP气道分级共成5级,原有1~4级诊断标准不变。所谓零级气道即在MP分级检查时,能直接窥见部分会厌。Ezri的研究表明(N=764): MP0级的发生率为1.18%,患者均为女性(可能是男女之间颈部脂肪分布不同造成),100%为C-L1级。MP1级者C-L2级和3级的发生率分别为10.9%和3.2%。Ezri指出:对于C-L1级MP0级的预测价值高于MP1级,是C-L1级的极佳预测指标[7]。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> MP分级的缺陷: (1) 多数研究表明MP对DI预测的敏感度和阳性预测价值低、漏诊率高,单独应用不够理想;(2) 客观性差,观察者偏倚较大;(3) 受病人发音的影响,病人发音或有发音动作会改善MP分级;(4) 不能识别因头颈活动受限等原因造成的DI。 2. 颏甲距离(Thyromental distance、TMD) 指头部最大限度后伸时,下颌尖端到甲状结节的直线距 3. 身高-颏甲距离比(Ratio of Height to Thyromental Distance、RHTMD) Schmitt[10]分析了不同作者对TMD的研究结果,推测用 |
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