基础与临床研究 >文章正文
基础与临床研究 >文章正文
Study of direct lung injury by seawater in canine models <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Abstract Objective:To study the mechanism of direct lung injury by seawater and explore its possible management. Methods:To exclude the interference of hypoxia and acidosis the study of seawater-induced direct lung injury,18 normal hybrid dogs were randomly assigned into group A(with all lung lobes perfused with seawater),group R(with the right lung lobe perfused with seawater)and group D(with the diaphragmatic lobe of lung perfused with seawater),with 6 dogs in each group. The changes in blood gas dynamics, blood gas acid-base status and electrolytes, along with the histological changes in the lung tissues were comparatively analyzed between the 3 groups. Bronchial microscope was employed to observe the continuous changes in the bronchioles before and after seawater perfusion in group D,and the concentration of the bronchoalveolar fluid and blood LDH-L and ALP levels were tested. Results:The values of PaO2、PaCO2、pH,actual bicarbonate(AB),base excess(BE),tidal volume,and respiration rate in groups A and R were significantly different from those in group D(P<0.01),and in groups A and R,the above measurements at every stage after seawater perfusion were significantly different from those before perfusion(P<0.01). In group D,however,blood gas dynamics,blood gas acid-base status and electrolytes changed little after seawater perfusion(P<0.05). In all the groups, obvious lung tissue injuries were observed under optical microscope after seawater perfusion. Observation with electron microscope revealed injuries to type Ⅱ alveolar epithelial cells,broadened respiratory mucosa,and platelet adherence. Bronchial microscope in group D presented the bronchus filled with bronchoalveolar fluid, and blood LDH-L and ALP levels kept rising significantly (P<0.01). Within 4h after seawater perfusion, no pathological changes were seen in the lung tissues without direct contact with seawater. Conclusion:Seawater inspiration and retention in the lungs may lead to severe direct lung injury,and is the primary factor responsible for acute lung injury after drowning in the sea. Key words:Animals,laboratory/injuries;seawater;disease models,animal;lung injury |
海水淹溺可引起急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI),进一步发展可导致海水型呼吸窘迫综合症(seawater-respiratory distress syndromes,SW-RDS),其死亡率很高[1,2]。 海水淹溺肺损伤的病理生理机制十分复杂,国内外学者通过犬、兔、绵羊等实验动物经气管内灌注海水建立海水淹溺肺损伤模型,探讨海水淹溺后肺损伤的机制[3,4] 由于动物实验模型始终伴随着低氧血症以及酸中毒发生,因此无法分辨海水对肺的直接损伤作用及其持续性和严重性。本研究旨在为研究海水及其成分对肺的损伤机制提供实验平台。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 1 材料和方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 海水的采集和分析 海水取自广东海域内伶仃洋,采集、运输、分析按国家海水水质标准HY003-91的规定。其中主要电解质的含量为Na+:381 mmol/L、K+:8.1MMOL/L、CL-:465mmol/L、Ca2+:5.02mmol/L。 1.1.2实验动物选择和分组 选择普通级健康杂种犬18只,雌雄不拘,体质量(13.0±2.5)kg,犬龄(3.3±1.2)岁。将18只犬随机分为以下3组(n=6):海水全肺灌注组(the all lobe of lung instilled by seawater,A组)、海水右肺灌注组(the right lobe of lung instilled by seawater,R组)和海水膈叶肺灌注组(the diaphragmatic lobe of lung instilled by seawater,D组). 1.1.3 主要实验仪器 德国产Pentax-Fb18rbs支气管纤维镜,日本Olympus-AU800 型全自动生化分析仪,美国 1.2 方法 1.2.1 全肺海水灌注肺损伤模型的建立 3%戊巴比妥钠(30mg/ kg/b.w.)于犬静脉缓慢注射,动物麻醉后仰卧实验台,直视下8.5mm气管导管插管后维持自主呼吸,吸氧浓度为21%。 左股动脉切开置管连接Hewlett-Parkard呼吸循环监测仪连续监测直接平均动脉压(MAP)、心电图(ECG)、呼吸频率、潮气量;麻醉后30min,犬头部抬高30°,参照Modell方法灌注海水[3],海水灌注量为10ml/ kg/b.w.,灌注压1.0~1.2kPa,1min灌完。 1.2.2 右肺海水灌注肺损伤模型的建立 麻醉及监测方法同1.2.1。直视下37#改良双腔气管导管插管成功后维持自主呼吸,吸氧浓度为21%。麻醉后30min,犬头部抬高30°,经双腔气管导管将海水灌入右肺叶,灌注量为10ml/ kg/b.w.×1.25/2(犬右肺较左肺大1/4)[5],灌注压1.0~1.2kPa,1min灌完。 1.2.3 右膈叶海水灌注肺损伤模型即直接肺损伤模型的建立 麻醉及监测方法同1.2.1。直视下8.5mm气管导管插管后维持自主呼吸,吸氧浓度为21%。支气管纤维镜引导将替代灌注管Swan-Ganz心导管置入目标肺叶-右肺膈叶的三级支气管开口处备用。犬头部抬高30°,在支气管纤维镜观察下,经Swan-Ganz心导管参照Modell方法灌注海水[3],海水灌注量为10ml/ kg/b.w.×(占总肺1/6)[5],灌注压1.0~1.5kPa,2min灌完。灌注完毕支气管纤维镜检查,吸出溢出三级支气管开口处泡状液,以免伤及临近肺段。
1.2.5 肺组织形态学观察 D组直接肺损伤模型经支气管纤维镜在不同时段连续摄像观察三级支气管壁形态学变化和三级支气管内的海水残留时间。3组模型犬海水肺灌注4h后,股动脉放血致死,取双肺大体观察并摄像后,分组取材,普通光学显微镜和透射电镜观察并拍照。 1.2.6 统计分析 采用SPSS10.0统计软件处理。主效应和交互效应采用重复测量方差分析,经Mauchly球形检验,若P<0.05,则采用Greenhouse- Geisser ε校正。单独效应灌注组间的比较用One-way ANOVA;时间的组内比较用重复测量方差分析处理。A组6只犬中,有2只犬在海水灌注后3H死亡,因此3H和4H有4个缺失数据,为满足重复测量方差分析的需要,缺失值以A组相同时间点的均值替代。 |
2 结果<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 3组模型海水灌注后各时段与灌注前Na+ 、Cl- 、K+ 、 支气管纤维镜下连续摄像观察D组三级支气管,海水灌注后即刻大量粉白色或红色泡沫液从三级支气管开口处涌出,三级支气管管壁明显充血,海水灌注后3h摄像观察三级支气管开口仍有部分处于淹没状态(图1)。海水灌注4h后活杀取肺,肉眼观察D、R组海水灌注区充血水肿严重,颜色呈“肝样变”, |
3讨论<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 海水淹没肺损伤的模型制作过程中,低氧血症出现最早,持
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