基础与临床研究 >文章正文
基础与临床研究 >文章正文
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Propofol anaesthesia with target controlled-infusion technic modulated by auditory evoked potential index in the elderly 杨华凌 林财珠 方舒东 Yang Hualing Lin Caizhu Fang Shudong Anaesthesia department,the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University fuzhou 350005 CHINA Abstract Objective:To study the feasibility of auditory evoked potential index used in the target controlled-infusion(TCI)of propofol general anesthesia in the elderly patients. Methods:Thirty ASA physical status of Ⅰ-Ⅱ patients with normal hearing undergoings elective surgery were divided into two groups with 15 case each:The patients in the elderly group(group Ⅰ)were greater than 65 years old,and in the younger 20-50 years old(group Ⅱ). A bolus of 2?g/kg fentanyl was given IV before induction and target concentration of propofol was set at 3.5?g/ml before induction and modulated according to the auditory evoked potential index(AEPI).the changes of HR ,SBP,DBP,MAP,realtime AEPI,total dose of propofol and the anaesthesia duration of time were recorded. |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> Results:the standardized unit dose of propfol of the elderly group was significantly lower than that of the younger. During anaesthesia,SBP,DBP and MAP had no significantly changes after inubution compared to the baseline in both groups:But at 5min after intubution,the hemodynamics was significantly lower than the baseline in the elderly group(p<0.05). While the changes was not significantly in the younger;At the exploration during operation,the hemodynamics increased in both groups(p<0.05).the time points of discontinuation of infusion,opening the eyes and extubution,the hemodynamics was stable. Conclusions:Target controlled-infusion propofol general anesthesia modulated by auditory evoked potential index in the elderly is feasible with the advantages of keeping stable hemodynamics and saving anesthatics. Key words:The depth of general anesthesia;Target controlled-infusion;Auditory evoked potential index;Geriatrics;Propofol 靶控输注(target controlled-infusion,TCI)是根据药代动动力学三室模型经血浆浓度或效应室浓度来反馈控制的计算机输注系统,但是以药物浓度作为麻醉深度的指标并不确切,且由于个体差异和年龄的关系,药物浓度的差异较大。听觉诱发电位指数(auditory evoked potential index,AEPI)作为监测麻醉深度的一个指标,它能较好的预测意识的有无和对伤害刺激的反应。本文通过利用AEPI对麻醉深度的监测,观察老年人丙泊酚TCI麻醉,并与中青年人比较。
资料与方法 一般资料 择期行胃切除手术的病人30例,无心肺肝疾病,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级。分两组:Ⅰ组年龄>65岁,15例,男11例,女4例;Ⅱ组为20-59岁,15例,男9例,女6例。术前均给予苯巴比妥钠0.1g,阿托品0.5mg。病人入手术室后,连接多功能监测仪和Danmeter A-line麻醉深度监测仪。开放上肢静脉置套管针用于输液(速率10ml/kg/h)与给药。术中记录心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、听觉诱发电位指数(AEPI)、丙泊酚的总量和麻醉时间。 麻醉方法 所有病人麻醉诱导均用芬太尼2.0ug/ml、琥珀胆碱2mg/kg、丙泊酚则用装有“Diprifusor”TCI系统的alaris输注泵进行丙泊酚靶控输注。AEPI在35~45时完成气管插管。根据体重年龄将效应室浓度设定为3.5ug/ml。麻醉维持用芬太尼2ug/kg/h,阿曲库铵0.4 mg/kg/h,芬太尼和阿曲库铵于关腹膜前停止输注。两组丙泊酚效应室浓度均根据AEPI调整,使麻醉深度控制在:插管时35~45,切皮时20~30,探查时15~25,关腹时为25~35。在缝皮前停止输注丙泊酚。 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 术中低血压被定义为连续两次出现SBP<90mmhg或舒张压<50mmhg。处理低血压的程序如下:(1)加快输液速度。(2)静脉给予麻黄碱15mg。必要时重复静脉同样剂量减低丙泊酚靶浓度。术中心动过缓为心率低于55次/分持续5min以上,或任何低于50次/分的心率。处理:静脉注射阿托品0.5mg。持续5min以上的SBP>180mmhg或舒张压>100mmhg时,静脉注射乌拉地尔12.5mg;必要时重复静注。 监测 于入室后按AEPindex监测仪要求安放电极:左乳突(-);前额正中(+);前额正中偏左4cm为对照电极。戴上耳机后给予双耳70分贝,5.9Hz持续1毫秒的听觉刺激。入室后30min后记录基础值(T1)、插管时(T2)、插管后5min(T3)、切皮时(T4)、术中探查时(T5)、停药时(T6)、睁眼时(T7)和拔管时(T8)8个时间点HR、DBP、SBP、MAP、AEPI以及丙泊酚的总量和麻醉时间。 统计分析 所有资料均以均数±标准差 表示,采用SPSS 11.5统计软件进行统计,组间采用t检验,组内比较采用方差分析,P<0.05有统计学差异。
结 果 1.病人一般资料(见表1)。两组病人平均丙泊酚标准化剂量分别为:Ⅰ组为(106.43±12.00)ug/kg/Min;Ⅱ组为(123.61±22.81)ug/kg/Min。老年组的剂量明显少于中青年组(P<0.05)。 2.血液动力学变化(见表2,图1):Ⅰ、Ⅱ组在插管时SBP、DBP和MAP同基础值相比都没有显著变化。但插管后5min时与基础值比较,老年组血液动力学改变较为显著(p<0.05),而中青年组的较为稳定。各有两例病人在插管后5min时血压严重下降者,都给予麻黄碱15mg得到纠正。老年组中,在探查时有三例病人出现高血压,给予乌拉地尔12.5mg后回落。与基础值比较,在停药时、睁眼时及拔管时血液动力学无显著变化。 3.AEPI变化(表2):诱导后,AEPI在短时间内能够迅速下降,其后AEPI基本稳定在23左右,深度平稳。在睁眼时,两组的均值分别是71和82。组间无显著差异。 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 在同一麻醉深度下,老年人所需的效应室浓度要比中青人更低[9]。这与老年人的生理病理有关。研究表明,由于神经元随年龄增长而消耗的程度越严重。神经元之间突触联系进行性的断裂而松散。传导通路上的神经纤维减少并排列纷乱。老年人脑内递质合成速率减慢,生成减少,数量降低,活性降低。体内各种神经受体(如n-AChR、NMDA以及钠离子通道)的数目减少和活性降低,受体与递质的亲和力减弱,从而在电生理上表现为传导速度减慢且信号幅度降低,甚至传入神经阻滞,导致老年人某些感觉阈值增高,可能导致老年人所需的效应室浓度要比青年人要低。由于老年人的药代动力学和药效动力学的变化发生改变,药代和药效参数发生改变,病人对麻醉药物的敏感性增高[6][10]。 本研究结果也显示出这一特征。 总之,在老年人麻醉中,在AEPI监测下,利用靶控输注丙泊酚,可较好的控制麻醉深度,避免麻醉深浅的波动,减少体动的发生以及血液动力学的波动。同时可减少药量的使用,指导合理使用药物,避免药物过量。 参考文献 1. Mantzaridis H,Kenny GN. Auditory evoked potential index:a quantitative measuree of changes in auditory evoked potentials during general anaesthesia.Anaesthesia,1997,52:1030-1036. 2. Gajraj R J,Doi M,Mantzaridis H,et al. Analysis of the EEG bispectrum,auditory evoked potentials and the EEG power spectrum during repeated transitions from consciousness to unconsciousness.Br J Anaesth,1998,80:46 - 52. 3. Doi M,Gajraj R J,Mantzaridis H,et al. Prediction of movement at laryngeal mask airway insertion:comparison of auditory evoked potential index,bispectral index,spectral edge frequency and median frequency. Br J Anaesth.,1999,82:203 - 207 4. Kurita T,Doi M,Katoh T,et al. Auditory evoked potential index predicts the depth of sedation and movement in response to skin incision during sevoflurane anesthesia.Anesthesiology,2001,95:364-370. 5. Kenny GNC,Mantzaridis H.losed-loop control of propofol anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth.,1999,83:223 ? 228. 6. 杭燕南,庄心良,蒋 豪,等,主编. 当代麻醉学. 第1版. 上海科学技术出版社,2002.818. 7. Hoka S,Yamaura K,Takenaka T,et al. Propofol-induced increase in vascular capacitance is due to inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictive activity. Anesthesiology,1998,89:1495-1500. 8. Yamamoto S,Kawana S,Miyamoto A,et al. Propofol-induced depression of cultured rat ventricular myocytes is related to the M2-acetylcholine receptor-NO-cGMP signaling pathway. Anesthesiology,1999,91:1712-1719. 9. Kazama T,Takeuchi K,Ikeda K,et al. Optimal propofol plasma concentration during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in young,middle-aged,and elderly patients.Anaesthesiology,2000,93:662. 10. Muravchick S.Anaesthesia for the elderly. In:Miller RD,eds.Anesthesia.5thed.Harcourt Asia:Churchill Livingstone,2001.2140-2156. |