综述与讲座 >文章正文
综述与讲座 >文章正文
Update of Ketamine Used for Children<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
陈锡明 ABSTRACT In this review it will be discussed that the recent literature on ketamine's use for three pediatric indications:anesthesia,sedation,and analgesia. 氯胺酮主要作用于N-甲基-D-天门冬氨酸(NMDA)受体[1],抑制NMDA受体使神经元活动减弱,产生麻醉作用。小剂量氯胺酮产生镇静和镇痛作用,大剂量氯胺酮产生麻醉作用。目前临床所用的氯胺酮是右旋氯胺酮和左旋氯胺酮两种对映异构体的消旋体,其中右旋氯胺酮对NMDA受体抑制的强度约为左旋氯胺酮的2~3倍。因此,右旋氯胺酮的使用剂量较小,而副作用较少。目前欧洲各国已广泛使用右旋氯胺酮,尚不能证实右旋氯胺酮在苏醒期精神运动副反应明显减少[2]。右旋氯胺酮的临床作用时间短于消旋体氯胺酮,麻醉后苏醒较快,便于调节镇静和镇痛的用量。
一、氯胺酮在小儿麻醉中的应用 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 二、氯胺酮在小儿镇静中的应用 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 三、氯胺酮在小儿镇痛中的应用
四、结 语 |
<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 参 考 文 献 3.Tugrul M,Camci E,Pembeci K et al.Ketamine infusion versus isoflurane for the maintenance of anesthesia in the prebypass period in children with tetralogy of Fallot.J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth,2000,14:557 61. 4.Ramchandra DS,Anisya V,Gourie-Devi M.Ketamine monoanaesthesia for diagnostic muscle biopsy in neuromuscular disorders in infancy and childhood:floppy infant syndrome.Can J Anaesth,1990,37:474 76. 5.Albanese J,Arnaud S,Rey M et al.Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during propofol sedation.Anesthesiology,1997,87:1328 34. 6.Mason KP,Michna E,DiNardo JA et al.Evolution of a protocol for ketamine-induced sedation as an alternative to general anesthesia for interventional radiologic procedures in pediatric patients.Radiology,2002,225:457 65. 7.Cotsen MR,Donaldson JS,Uejima T et al.Efficacy of ketamine hydrochloride sedation in children for interventional radiologic procedures.Am J Roentgenol,1997,169:1019 22. 8.Green SM,Hummel CB,Wittlake WA et al.What is the optimal dose of intramuscular ketamine for pediatric sedation? Acad Emerg Med,1999,6:21 6. 9.Tobias JD,Phipps S,Smith B et al.Oral ketamine premedication to alleviate the distress of invasive procedures in pediatric oncology patients.Pediatrics,1992,90:537 41. 10.Alderson PJ,Lerman J.Oral premedication for paediatric ambulatory anaesthesia:a comparison of midazolam and ketamine.Can J Anaesth,1994,41:221 6. 11.Green SM,Clem KJ,Rothrock SG.Ketamine safety profile in the developing world:survey of practitioners.Acad Emerg Med,1996,3:598 604. 12.Gutstein HB,Johnson KL,Heard MB et al.Oral ketamine preanesthetic medication in children.Anesthesiology,1992,76:28 33. 13.Hostetler MA,Davis CO.Prospective age-based comparison of behavioral reactions occurring after ketamine sedation in the ED.Am J Emerg Med,2002,20:463 8. 14.Sherwin TS,Green SM,Khan A et al.Does adjunctive midazolam reduce recovery agitation after ketamine sedation for pediatric procedures? A randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial.Ann Emerg Med,2000,35:229 38. 15.Wathen JE,Roback MG,Mackenzie T et al.Does midazolam alter the clinical effects of intravenous ketamine sedation in children? A double-blind,randomized,controlled,emergency department trial.Ann Emerg Med,2000,36:579 88. 16.Aspinall RL,Mayor A.A prospective randomized controlled study of the efficacy of ketamine for postoperative pain relief in children after adenotonsillectomy.Paediatr Anaesth,2001,11:333 6. 17.Marcus RJ,Victoria BA,Rushman SC et al.Comparison of ketamine and morphine for analgesia after tonsillectomy in children.Br J Anaesth,2000,84:739 42. 18.Elhakim M,Khalafallah Z,El-Fattah HA et al.Ketamine reduces swallowing-evoked pain after paediatric tonsillectomy.Acta Anaesthesiol Scand,2003,47:604 9. 19.O'Flaherty JE,Lin CX.Does ketamine or magnesium affect posttonsillectomy pain in children? Paediatr Anaesth,2003,13:413 21. 20.Lee HM,Sanders GM.Caudal ropivacaine and ketamine for postoperative analgesia in children.Anaesthesia,2000,55:806 10. 21.Malinovsky JM,Lepage JY,Cozian A et al.Is ketamine or its preservative responsible for neurotoxicity in the rabbit? Anesthesiology,1993,78:109 15. 22.Tan PH,Kuo MC,Kao PF et al.Patient-controlled epidural analgesia with morphine or morphine plus ketamine for post-operative pain relief.Eur J Anaesthesiol,1999,16:820 5 23.Adams HA,Werner C.From the racemate to the eutomer:(S)-ketamine.Renaissance of a substance? Anaesthesist,1997,46:1026 42. 24.Marhofer P,Krenn CG,Plochl W et al.S(+)-ketamine for caudal block in paediatric anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth,2000,84:341 5. 25.Koinig H,Marhofer P,Krenn CG et al.Analgesic effects of caudal and intramuscular S(+)-ketamine in children.Anesthesiology,2000,93:976 80. |