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ICU新进展 >文章正文
Advanced life support after cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Cong-shan YANG, Hai-bo QIU.
Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhong-Da Hospital and School of Clinical Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009,China
ABSTRACT
Supportive treatment after cardiopulmonary resusciation is a critical component of advanced life support. Patients’ mortality remains high after return to spontaneous circulation and initial stabilization. It’s is very important to lower patient mortality and improve nervous system function’s recovery as far as possible.
This review article summarizes newly understanding of the neurologic, hemodynamic, breathing and metabolic abnormalities in patients who are resuscitated from cardiac arrest. From the above study and research, we conclude the following measures maybe improve patient’s outcome, increase the possibility of nervous system function’s complete recovery.
First, early mild hypothermia for cerebral protection(maintain temperature around 34℃ for 24 hours as quickly as possible ),and promptly control witnessed seizures. We can, if possible, use the method of early hyperbaric oxygen treatment.
Second, maintain circular stabilization. Hemodynamic instability is common after cardiac arrest and early due to multi-organ failure is associated with a persistently low cardiac index during the first 24 hours after resuscitation. Dobutamine can be used if necessary.
Third, tight control of blood glucose using insulin. It can reduce hospital mortality rates in part critically ill patients. We think blood glucose should be controlled below 150mg/dl, and hypoglycemia should be avoided.
Fourth, maintain suitable level of PaCO2. Routine hyperventilation is detrimental. We can keep the level of PaCO2 near to normal lower limit.
Fifth, pay attention to other organs’ protection, for example, gastrointestinal tract and renal function, and cure secondum sepsis and pancreatitis.
Finally, we can use five clinical signs (absent corneal reflex at 24 hours; absent papillary response at 24 hours; absent withdrawal response to pain at 24 hours; no motor response at 24 hours; no motor response at 72 hours) to predict death or poor neurologic outcome.
Key words: cardiopulmonary resuscitation; spontaneous circulation; mild hypothermia; hyperventilation
Corresponding author: Cong-shan Yang, Email: ycs7415@sohu.com
心肺复苏后支持治疗是高级生命支持的重要组成部分。在恢复自主循环和初期的稳定后,患者的病死率仍然较高,初期复苏成功72 h后的预后仍很难判断[1]。如何降低因血流动力学不稳定及多器官衰竭导致的早期病死率和因脑损伤引起的迟发性的病死率非常重要。而且,对于社会意义上的人来说,复苏后神经系统功能的恢复显得尤其关键。本综述就心跳停止心肺复苏后患者的神经病学、血流动力学、呼吸和代谢等治疗方面的研究成果作相应阐述,以探讨改善复苏后预后的有效措施。
5、其它脏器功能的支持
心跳停止可以导致全身所有重要脏器的损伤。由于应激和肠道的缺血缺氧,自主循环恢复后可以出现应激性溃疡,这类患者需要放置胃管,必要时予抑酸保护胃粘膜治疗,如可能可进行早期肠内营养支持。部分患者复苏后出现继发性胰腺炎,主要表现为血淀粉酶明显升高,腹部CT提示胰腺水肿,但由于腹部体征常不太明显有时甚至可能被遗漏,一般经过常规禁食、胃肠减压、抑酸和抑制胰液分泌治疗后往往几天内淀粉酶即可明显下降。
复苏后还常见的有肝肾功能损害,表现为生化指标的异常,尿量的减少。对于肾功能损害,如早期尿量少,首先要判断是肾前性肾衰还是急性肾小管坏死所致,此类病人需要放置尿管,监测每小时尿量,并早期干预,避免发生少尿性肾衰。
6、预后的评估
复苏后阶段对于医护人员和家属来说,非常关心的问题是患者最终的预后。理论上,临床评估、实验室检查或生化指标有可能可靠地预测心跳停止患者的预后,但实际上并非如此。
有研究分析[21]显示,对于缺血缺氧性脑损伤后至少72 h昏迷的体温正常的患者,正中神经体感诱发电位双侧缺失的皮层反应提示神经系统预后不良。近期一项多因素分析(11个研究,1914个患者)[1]得出5个临床指标可用来强有力的预测患者死亡或不良的神经系统预后,且5个中的4个在复苏后24 h可检测:① 24 h角膜反射消失;② 24 h瞳孔反射消失;③ 24 h对疼痛的退缩反应消失;④ 24 h无运动反应;⑤ 72 h无运动反应。另外复苏后24~48 h脑电图检查能够提供有效的预测信息,同样床边经颅多普勒超声、脑干听觉诱发电位和皮层视觉诱发电位[22]也能够帮助判断预后。当然病情判断时需综合考虑。
综上,心肺复苏后阶段经常出现血流动学不稳定和实验室检查的异常,临床医师需积极针对性处理。早期亚低温脑保护和严格控制抽搐、维持循环的稳定、强化胰岛素治疗、维持合适的PaCO2水平、胃肠道和肾功能的保护以及早期高压氧治疗等等可能改善患者的预后,增加患者神经系统功能完整恢复的可能性。
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