综述与讲座 >文章正文
综述与讲座 >文章正文
Toll Like Receptor 4 Signal Pathway and Endotoxin Tolerance<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
李永旺 王保国 ABSTRACT Endotoxin triggers inflammation which exacerbates organism injury, and is the major reason of postoperative patient died. Endotoxin tolerance provides direction for prevention and cure of the disease, but to date, the mechanisms remain to be resolved clearly. The discovery of toll like receptor 4(TLR4) makes us understand the mechanisms deeply. The endotoxin preconditioning stimulus activates TLR4 inflammatory signal pathways, leading not only to inflammation but also to simultaneous upregulation of feedback inflammation. These inhibitors, which include anti-inflammatory cytokines, decoy receptor and signaling inhibitors, reduce inflammatory response to a subsequent endotoxin attack. The prehension of mechanism of endotoxin tolerance highlights new avenues for future prevention and treatment of endotoximia. 内毒素血症右铭及由此引起的脓毒症和脓毒性休克是术后病人感染死亡和重症监护病人死亡的主要原因。细菌内毒素/脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides, LPS)是该类疾病的主要致病原,尽管抗生素在临床上得到广泛应用,但其危害并没有得到有效控制[1]。人们在研究内毒素的过程中发现,细胞或机体经小剂量LPS刺激后,对LPS的再次刺激呈低反应或无反应状态,可以保护机体抵御致死性的内毒素攻击[2]。这一现象被称为内毒素耐受(又称LPS耐受)。尽管这一现象早已被发现,然而其发生机制一直未阐明。Toll样受体4(Toll like receptor 4, TLR4)作为LPS识别分子的发现为揭示内毒素耐受的分子机制提供了契机[3]。 |
一、TLR4介导的LPS炎症信号转导通路 |
二、TLR4通路与LPS耐受密切相关 炎症反应对于消除引起炎症的病原体和恢复细胞的正常功能是必不可少的。然而炎症反应的强度必须适当,否则将会加重组织细胞的损伤。机体为避免过度炎症反应造成自身损伤,在炎症反应过程中会生成一些负性反馈物缓冲炎症攻击。在体外和动物模型中对内毒素耐受进行的广泛研究表明,TLR4信号通路中各信号分子及其反馈抑制物在内毒素耐受的分子机制中起着重要作用。LPS预处理信号诱发轻微的炎症反应并产生一些炎症抑制因子,这些抑制因子限制随后严重内毒素攻击造成的损伤,从而形成内毒素耐受。内毒素耐受期间,预处理产生的反馈抑制物抑制TLR4信号通路中的信号分子以及炎症因子等的表达或抑制它们的作用。这些反馈抑制物包括抗炎细胞因子(IL-4,IL-10,IL-13)、诱饵受体(如sTNFR-55, IL-1RII和sIL-6R等)和TLR4信号通路抑制剂如ST2、SIGIRR(signle immunoglobulin IL-R-related molecule)、sMyD88 (short MyD88)、Tollip (Toll-interacting protein)、IRAK-M、SOCS1 (suppressor of cytokine signaling1)、IκBα、TWIST-1、PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase)、TTP (tristetraprolin)等[2,7-19]。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> |
参 考 文 献<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 1. Weigand MA, Horner C, Bardenheuer HJ et al. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2004;18(3):455-75. 5. Nagai Y, Akashi S, Nagafku M, et al. Essential of MD2 in LPS responsiveness and TLR4 distribution. Nat Immunol, 2002;3:667-72 10. Acalovschi D, Wiest T, Hartmann M, et al. Multiple levels of regulation of the interleukin-6 system in stroke. Stroke. 2003;34:1864-9 13. Burns K, Janssens S, Brissoni B, et al. Inhibition of interleukin 1 receptor/Toll-like receptor signaling through the alternatively spliced, short form of MyD88 is due to its failure to recruit IRAK-4. J Exp Med.2003;197:263-8 |