基础与临床研究 >文章正文
基础与临床研究 >文章正文
Effects of deep hypothermia circulation arrest on morphologic changes of rat brain<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 苏殿三 王祥瑞 郑拥军 赵延华 张挺杰 上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院麻醉科 SU Diansan,WANG Xiang rui,ZHENG Yong jun,ZHAO Yanhua,ZHANG Ting jie. Department of A nesthesiology,Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University,S hanghai 200127, China Abstract Objective:To develop a new rat model of deep hypothermia circulation arrest (DHCA) that functionally mimic the clinical setting and to study the effects of DHCA on the morphologic changes of the rat brain. Methods:Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, experimental group and the shamoperation group. Anesthesia was induced using a mixture of fentanyl,ketamine and droperidol,then the rat was intubated through the mouth under direct vision.The rats of the experimental group underwent ext racorporeal circulation circuit priming without blood which consisted of 10 ml of Ringer lactate solution , 20 % mannite 1 ml,heparin 1ml (100 U) and 6 % HES 8ml. The body temperature of the rat s was reduced to 18℃ and then paused the ext racorporeal circulation circuit for 90 min. Blood gas analysis,blood pressure and heart rate monitorings were performed during the experiment.After 60 min of rewarming and resuming the ext racorporeal circulation circuit,the rats were sacrifical perfused and the brains were dissected for examination by light microscopy and electronmicroscopy. Results:Three rats of the experimental group died because of failure of jugular vein cannulation,the rest passed the experiment thoroughly and uneventfully. The hematocrit was about 20 % after the ext racorporeal circulation circuit.Degeneration and necrosis of the neurons could be found at the hippocampus,cortex and the thalamus after DHCA. With electronmicroscopy, swelling of mitochondria was found and organelles in the cytoplasm reduced or even disappeared. Conclusions:The entire circuit is similar to clinical setting in terms of its const ruction,configuration,performance and priming volume to blood volume ratio.The new rat model of DHCA is easy to create and the morphologic changes have been proved to be a successful rat model for future study of neurological injury under DHCA. Key words:Deep hypothermia circulation arrest; Model; Rat s |
深低温停循环技术(DHCA)为大血管和脑动脉瘤等手术创造了良好的手术环境,但是术后的神经并发症仍高达约18%,主要表现为舞蹈病、学习和记忆障碍、癫及小儿的智力发育异常等[1 ,2 ]。目前,DHCA的实验研究大多是在大动物模型的基础上进行,主要原因是由于先前建立的小动物模型与临床环境相差甚远[3]。鉴于此,本实验制作了一种与临床环境更加接近的大鼠DHCA 模型,并且分别在光镜和电镜下观察DHCA后大鼠脑组织的病理变化,以期为进一步研究DHCA术后的神经并发症提供形态学基础。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 材料与方法 一、动物及分组 成年健康雄性SD 大鼠15只,体重400~450g(中科院上海动物中心提供)。随机分为两组,即假手术对照组(6只)和实验组(9只)。 二、动物模型的制作 (一) 体外循环(CPB) 的构成和监测 CPB环路由20号压 (二) 动物模型的制作过程 术前30 min 肌肉注射阿托品0.03mg/ kg。腹腔注射混合麻醉药2.4ml/ kg (芬太尼0.005 %、氯胺酮5%、氟哌利多0.25%) 诱导,应用透光法明视下行气管插管,插管后麻醉仍以该复合液维持。插管后的大鼠实行机械通气,呼吸频率60 次/min,潮气量为8ml/ kg。分离并穿刺双侧股动脉,一侧连接动脉测压系统,另一侧用于动脉灌注。 分离并穿刺右侧颈内静脉,以监测颈内静脉的血气分析。分离右侧颈静脉,以末端带有侧孔的14G静脉留置针穿刺(深度约为3.5 cm),使头端到达右心房水平。穿刺成功后立即开始CPB转流。转流开始时灌注流量为10ml/min,逐渐将灌注流量加大至约50ml/min 。转流开始后停止机械通气。 调节变温水箱的温度,在20min 内将大鼠的体温降至18℃,停止CPB,血液经短路直接转流至储血器内。停循环时间为90min,依靠体表降温维持深低温状态。然后在30min 内复温至36 ℃~37 ℃,停CPB,恢复机械通气。保持循环呼吸稳定60 min 视为成功。假手术对照组仅作各种插管,不进行体外转流。 模型成功后,立即开胸行升主动脉插管,首先灌注温生理盐水200ml,然后灌注冰冷的4%多聚甲醛磷酸缓冲液400ml,取脑并于中线一分为二。一侧的脑组织置入2.5%的戊二醛中固定并保存以作电镜检测,另一侧脑组织置入4%多聚甲醛中固定并保存以作病理学检查。 |
三、病理学检查<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 取固定在多聚甲醛中的标本,参考图谱在鼠脑的腹侧面以视交叉为标志,在视交叉处作冠状切面,然后在视交叉向尾侧5 mm 处再作一切面。行常规石蜡包埋、切片和苏木精2伊红(HE) 染色。 四、透射电镜检测 取大鼠海马CA1 区脑组织。常规固定、脱水、置换、浸透、包埋后枸橼铅染色液片染,应用HI-TACHI H-500 透射电镜观察超微结构。 五、统计学处理 应用SPSS10.0软件。数据以x ±s 表示,组间比较采用方差分析。 结果 一、模型制作 该模型成功的关键是颈静脉穿刺的成功与否。实验组中3只 实验组血气分析及血压、心率的变化 整个实验过程中,动脉血氧分压(PaO2 ) 一直在较高的水平,与临床情况相当,说明本实验所用的氧合器具有很好的氧合效果,完全能够满足动物的需要。预充后HCT值约为20%,这在临床上是可以接受的。体温降至18℃停循环前脑的氧耗量已降至极低水平,颈静脉氧饱和度(SjvO2) 值达97.20 %±0.49 %,而在复温开始时,SjvO2 值降至48.07 %±1.49 %,说明在停循环期间虽然代谢率很低,但仍然有较低水平的代谢,即18℃的低温并不能完全抑制脑代谢。此外,CPB开始后MAP和HR 均明显下降,这也与临床情况相符。见表1。 三、病理学检测结果 HE染色的结果显示,DHCA (18℃,90min)后在海马CA1 区、皮层和丘脑均能观察到数量不等的变性坏死的神经元,其主要表现为细胞核浓染、变性、形态多样,细胞浆减少或消失。假手术对照组未见明显异常变化。见图1。 四、超微结构观察结果 对照组神经元细胞核为类圆形,核膜境界清楚,核仁清晰,异染色质保持神经元特点,胞质丰富,有多数多聚核糖体,粗面内质网丰富,池较狭窄,可见少量不规则分布的神经微丝。线粒体形态结构正常。海马神经元细胞核核膜皱缩,形状不规则,在局部出现凹陷。胞浆有局灶性大溶解区,细胞器缺乏,有的细胞器消失殆尽,代之以泡状结构。线粒体中等程度肿胀,嵴断裂或消失,在线粒体外膜仍有少量颗粒存在,外膜完整;但是突起内的线粒体无明显变化。见图2 。 |
要达到这一灌流量的关键是静脉插管要足够粗,而且要引流通畅。本实验采用的是14G静脉留置针,并且在针的前端可有多个侧孔,以保证引流通畅。有人采用16G或18G的静脉留置针,笔者认为其引流量偏小。只有保证静脉端的引流才能接近完全的CPB,完全CPB 的标志是在CPB 转流期间,动脉波的波动极小,基本成直线状态,并且伴有血压下降的表现。导管的最佳位置应该是位于右心房,但是由于是盲探性穿刺,所以有一定的失败率。本实验中,实验组9 只大鼠中有3只因为静脉插管穿破而失败。动脉灌注端采用的是22G静脉留置针穿刺股动脉,有文献介绍穿刺尾动脉进行灌注。笔者认为,如果是急性实验,穿刺股动脉比较方便,而且出血较少。本实验发现,穿刺尾动脉进行灌注时的渗血很严重而且不容易止血,所以认为在急性实验时应用股动脉穿刺效果较好。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /> 二、形态学检测 病理学检测的结果表明, DHCA (18℃, 90min) 后皮层、海马和丘脑3个脑区都出现数量不等的变性坏死神经元。超微结构主要表现为线粒体肿胀和胞浆内细胞器减少等改变。这一结果与Sakamoto 等[12] 和Shin’oka 等[13] 在猪DHCA 模型上观察到的结果相似,从而进一步证明本实验建立的DHCA 模型是成功的,同时也为进一步研究DHCA 术后神经功能障碍提供了形态学基础。 总之,本实验所建立的DHCA 模型与临床环境更加接近,可以在一定程度上代替大动物模型进行实验研究。当然,该模型还存在着以下缺陷: ①毕竟是闭胸CPB ,不能研究开胸的各种操作对于脑损伤的影响;②颈静脉插管需要学习一段时间才能掌握,在实验的初期阶段有一定的失败率;③由于是闭胸CPB,所以本模型不能达到类似大动物那种训练术者操作的目的。 参考文献 1. Davis EA, Gillinov AM, Cameron DE, et al. Hypothermic circulatory arrest as a surgical adjunct: a 52 year experience with 60 adult patients. Ann Thorac Surg,1992, 53 : 402-407. 2. Bellinger DC, Jonas RA, Rappaport LA, et al. Developmental and neurologic status of children after heart surgery with hypothermic circulatory arrest or low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med, 1995, 332: 549-555. 3. Ballaux PK, Gourlay T, Ratnatunga CP, et al. A literature review of cardiopulmonary bypass models for rats. Perfusion,1999, 14: 411-417. 4. Sasaki S, Takigami K, Shiiya N, et al. Partial cardiopulmo-nary bypass in rats for evaluating ischemia-reperfusion injury.ASAIO J, 1996, 42: 1027-1030. 5. Wehberg KE, Foster AH, Wise RM, et al. Nitric oxide mediates fluid accumulation during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112: 168-174. 6. Gourlay T. Neurological injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001,16: 266-268. 7. Grocott HP, Mackensen GB, Newman MF, et al. Neurological injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001, 16: 75-81. 8. Kwon J Y, Bacher A, Deyo DJ, et al. Effects of pentobarbital and isoflurane on conditioned learning aftert ransient global cerebral ischemia in rabbits. Anesthesiology, 2000, 92: 171-177. 9. Patel PM, Drummond JC, Cole DJ, et al. Isoflurane and pen-tobarbital reduce the frequency of transient ischemic depolari-zations during focal ischemia in rats. Anest h Analg, 1998,86 : 773-780. 10. Fabre O, Zegdi R, Vincentelli A, et al. A recovery model of partial cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2001,16: 215-220. 11. Gourlay T, Ballaux PK, Draper ER, et al. Early experience with a new technique and technology designed for the study of pulsatile cardiopulmonary bypass in the rat. Perfusion, 2002,17: 191-198. 12. Sakamoto T, Zurakowski D, Duebener L F, et al. Combination of alphastat strategy and hemodilution exacerbates neurologic injury in a survival piglet model with deep hypot hermic circulatory arrest. Ann Thorac Surg, 2002, 73: 180-190. 13. Shin’oka T, Shum-Tim D, Jonas RA, et al. Higher hematocrit improves cerebral outcome after deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 1996, 112: 1610-1621. |